Efficient Solar-driven Synthesis, Carbon Capture, And Desalinization, STEP: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production Of Fuels, Metals, Bleach.
Stuart Licht
Published 2011 · Medicine, Materials Science
Twitter
Facebook
LinkedIn
Email STEP (solar thermal electrochemical production) theory is derived and experimentally verified for the electrosynthesis of energetic molecules at solar energy efficiency greater than any photovoltaic conversion efficiency. In STEP the efficient formation of metals, fuels, chlorine, and carbon capture is driven by solar thermal heated endothermic electrolyses of concentrated reactants occuring at a voltage below that of the room temperature energy stored in the products. One example is CO(2) , which is reduced to either fuels or storable carbon at a solar efficiency of over 50% due to a synergy of efficient solar thermal absorption and electrochemical conversion at high temperature and reactant concentration. CO(2) -free production of iron by STEP, from iron ore, occurs via Fe(III) in molten carbonate. Water is efficiently split to hydrogen by molten hydroxide electrolysis, and chlorine, sodium, and magnesium from molten chlorides. A pathway is provided for the STEP decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to pre-industial age levels in 10 years.
This paper references
10.1149/1.1391954
Complex Formation during Dissolution of Metal Oxides in Molten Alkali Carbonates
Li Qing-feng (1999)
10.1016/j.cattod.2004.09.006
Selective formation of ethylene from CO2 by catalytic electrolysis at a three-phase interface
Kotaro Ogura (2004)
Bockris, Energy Options
J. O’M (1980)
10.1039/c0cc05581f
Chemical mechanism of the high solubility pathway for the carbon dioxide free production of iron.
Stuart Licht (2011)
10.1038/326863a0
A light-variation insensitive high efficiency solar cell
Stuart Licht (1987)
10.1002/0470014008
Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering: Luque/Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
Antonio Luque Luque (2005)
10.1023/A:1026003628580
Phase Equilibria in the Fe–Na–O System between 1100 and 1300 K
A. A. Lykasov (2003)
10.1039/C0EE00092B
Syngas production via high-temperature steam/CO2 co-electrolysis: an economic assessment
Qingxi Fu (2010)
Chem
S. Licht
10.1039/c1cc10513b
Facile temperature-controlled synthesis of hexagonal Zn2GeO4 nanorods with different aspect ratios toward improved photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting and photoreduction of CO2.
Shicheng Yan (2011)
XX, 1–21 www.advmat.de www.MaterialsViews.com P r o g r es s r eP o r t
E. Barbier (2010)
The Trouble with Lithium 2; Under the Microscope
W. Tahil (2008)
10.2172/1218625
Energy and Environmental Profile of the Chemicals Industry
Joan L. Pellegrino (2000)
10.1063/1.2734507
40% efficient metamorphic GaInP∕GaInAs∕Ge multijunction solar cells
Richard R. King (2007)
Fischer-Tropsch Fuels from Coal, Natural Gas, and Biomass: Background and Policy
Anthony Andrews (2008)
10.1021/jp010552j
Multiple Band Gap Semiconductor/Electrolyte Solar Energy Conversion
Stuart Licht (2001)
XX, 1–21 www.advmat.de www.MaterialsViews.com P r o g r es s r eP o r t
E. Barbier (2010)
10.1021/JZ100829S
A New Solar Carbon Capture Process: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo (STEP) Carbon Capture
Stuart Licht (2010)
10.1039/b802262n
Photosynthetic energy conversion: natural and artificial.
Jim Barber (2009)
Renewable Sus - tainble Energy Rev . 2011 , 15 , 1 . [ 11 ] J . Barber
S. Ebbsen C. Graves (2009)
10.2533/chimia.2007.815
Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Antonio Currao (2007)
10.1007/s10853-007-2354-7
Metal oxide composites and structures for ultra-high temperature solar thermochemical cycles
James Edward Miller (2008)
10.1002/cssc.200700052
Fixation of CO2 by electrocatalytic reduction and electropolymerization in ionic liquid-H2O solution.
Daobao Chu (2008)
10.1016/J.RSER.2010.07.014
Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO2 and H2O with renewable or nuclear energy
Christopher R. Graves (2011)
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.005
Source of methane and methods to control its formation in single chamber microbial electrolysis cells
Aijie Wang (2009)
10.1149/1.1562592
LiFeO2 LiCoO2 NiO Cathodes for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Athula Wijayasinghe (2003)
10.1021/JP111781A
STEP—A Solar Chemical Process to End Anthropogenic Global Warming. II: Experimental Results
Stuart Licht (2011)
10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2010.07.028
Efficient STEP (solar thermal electrochemical photo) production of hydrogen – an economic assessment
Stuart Licht (2010)
10.1021/jp026964p
Solar Water Splitting To Generate Hydrogen Fuel: Photothermal Electrochemical Analysis
Stuart Licht (2003)
Reversing Global Warming : Chemical Recycling and Utilization of CO 2
N. Jackson
10.1038/330148a0
A description of energy conversion in photoelectrochemical solar cells
Stuart Licht (1987)
10.1038/345330a0
Efficient photoelectrochemical solar cells from electrolyte modification
Stuart Licht (1990)
10.1149/1.3502533
Mathematical Modeling of CO2 Reduction to CO in Aqueous Electrolytes II. Study of an Electrolysis Cell Making Syngas ( C O + H 2 ) from C O 2 and H 2 O Reduction at Room Temperature
Charles Delacourt (2010)
10.1002/CCTC.201000266
An Insight into Artificial Leaves for Sustainable Energy Inspired by Natural Photosynthesis
Han Zhou (2011)
10.1149/1.3308596
Conversion of CO2 to CO by Electrolysis of Molten Lithium Carbonate
Valery Kaplan (2010)
10.1038/353737a0
A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films
Brian C O'Regan (1991)
10.1002/9783527611324
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells : Modeling, Analysis, Simulation, and Control
Kai Sundmacher (2007)
10.1021/ja0776327
Selective solar-driven reduction of CO2 to methanol using a catalyzed p-GaP based photoelectrochemical cell.
Emily E. Barton (2008)
10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.07.014
Electrowinning of iron from sulphate solutions
Elise Mostad (2008)
10.1021/jp9044644
STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo) Generation of Energetic Molecules: A Solar Chemical Process to End Anthropogenic Global Warming
Stuart Licht (2009)
10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.10.070
Electrolytic magnesium production and its hydrodynamics by using an Mg–Pb alloy cathode
Gökhan Demirci (2008)
10.1007/s10008-006-0181-4
Selective ethylene formation by pulse-mode electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide using copper and copper-oxide electrodes
Jun Yano (2007)
10.1149/1.2917212
Density, Surface Tension, and Electrical Conductivity of Ternary Molten Carbonate System Li2CO3 – Na2CO3 – K2CO3 and Methods for Their Estimation
Toshikatsu Kojima (2008)
10.1038/414625a
Direct splitting of water under visible light irradiation with an oxide semiconductor photocatalyst
Zhigang Zou (2001)
10.1021/ef901544v
Solar Syngas Production from H2O and CO2 via Two-Step Thermochemical Cycles Based on Zn/ZnO and FeO/Fe3O4 Redox Reactions: Kinetic Analysis; energy & fuels
Anastasia Stamatiou (2010)
10.1021/j100278a027
Combined solution effects yield stable thin-film Cd(Se,Te)/polysulfide photoelectrochemical solar cells
Stuart Licht (1986)
10.1016/0022-0728(91)85298-4
Conductometric analysis of the second acid dissociation constant of H2S in highly concentrated aqueous media
Stuart Licht (1991)
10.5670/oceanog.2009.94
An Accounting of the Observed Increase in Oceanic and Atmospheric CO2 and the Outlook for the Future
Pieter P Tans (2009)
10.1016/0038-092X(76)90019-0
Simple thermal decomposition reactions for storage of solar thermal energy
Wayne E. Wentworth (1976)
10.1038/nchem.1000
A renewable amine for photochemical reduction of CO(2).
Robert D. Richardson (2011)
10.1021/ac00146a003
Conductivity and resistivity of water from the melting to critical points
Truman S. Light (1987)
10.1038/464832a
How is the Global Green New Deal going?
Edward B. Barbier (2010)
Chem
Y. Woolerton
10.1021/EF101092U
CO2 Dissociation and Upgrading from Two-Step Solar Thermochemical Processes Based on ZnO/Zn and SnO2/SnO Redox Pairs
Stéphane Abanades (2010)
10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2010.06.065
Hydrogen and synthetic fuel production using pressurized solid oxide electrolysis cells
Søren Højgaard Jensen (2010)
Molten-carbonate fuel cells go Navy
Michael Pickren Valenti (1997)
Chem
Y. Woolerton
10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2009.10.045
High-temperature electrolysis for large-scale hydrogen production from nuclear energy – Experimental investigations
Carl M. Stoots (2010)
10.1149/1.1836121
The Fundamental Conductivity and Resistivity of Water
Truman S. Light (2005)
10.1115/1.4003417
Splitting Water and Carbon Dioxide via the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Zinc Vapor: Thermodynamic Considerations
Luke J. Venstrom (2011)
10.1007/S10800-011-0271-6
Bench-scale electrochemical system for generation of CO and syn-gas
Eric J. Dufek (2011)
Chem
S. Licht
10.1149/1.3518413
Polarization Characteristics and Chemistry in Reversible Tubular Solid-Oxide Cells Operating on Mixtures of H2, CO, H2O , and CO2
Connor J. Moyer (2011)
Reversing Global Warming: Chemical Recycling and Utilization of CO2
G. Ohla (2009)
Bockris, Energy Options
J. O’M (1980)
10.1149/1.3039998
Electrowinning of Iron in Aqueous Alkaline Solution Using a Rotating Cathode
Boyan Yuan (2009)
10.1063/1.123259
Light invariant, efficient, multiple band gap AlGaAs/Si/metal hydride solar cell
Stuart Licht (1999)
10.1007/s10800-008-9658-4
Electro-reduction of carbon dioxide to formate on lead electrode in aqueous medium
B. Innocent (2008)
10.1016/S0360-3199(97)00038-4
Direct solar thermal splitting of water and on-site separation of the products—II. Experimental feasibility study
Abraham Kogan (1998)
10.1149/1.2798677
Electrodeposition of Iron from Molten Mixed Chloride/Fluoride Electrolytes
Geir Martin Haarberg (2007)
10.1098/rsta.2010.0114
A thermochemical study of ceria: exploiting an old material for new modes of energy conversion and CO2 mitigation
William C. Chueh (2010)
10.1038/238037a0
Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode
Akira Fujishima (1972)
10.1016/S1006-706X(08)60265-4
Electrochemical Behavior of Dissolved Fe2O3 in Molten CaCl2-KF
Shu-lan Wang (2008)
10.1039/B309397B
Electrochemical potential tuned solar water splitting.
Stuart Licht (2003)
10.1002/PIP.1088
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 37)
Martin A. Green (2011)
10.1016/J.CAP.2010.11.114
Performance of solid oxide electrolysis cell having bi-layered electrolyte during steam electrolysis and carbon dioxide electrolysis
Pattaraporn Kim-Lohsoontorn (2011)
10.1149/1.3464804
Poisoning of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells by Impurities
Sune Dalgaard Ebbesen (2010)
10.1149/1.3526312
Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Formate in Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Cells
Sekharipuram R. Narayanan (2011)
10.1063/1.555617
Energy levels of magnesium, Mg I through Mg XII
William C. Martin (1980)
10.1016/j.cattod.2008.11.001
Fe and Pt carbon nanotubes for the electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygenates
M. Gangeri (2009)
10.1149/1.2427448
The Temperature Coefficients of Electrode Potentials The Isothermal and Thermal Coefficients—The Standard Ionic Entropy of Electrochemical Transport of the Hydrogen Ion
Andre J. Debethune (1959)
10.1039/b804323j
Electrocatalytic and homogeneous approaches to conversion of CO2 to liquid fuels.
Eric E Benson (2009)
10.1016/j.electacta.2005.03.015
"Deactivation of copper electrode" in electrochemical reduction of CO2
Yoshio Hori (2005)
10.1021/ja910091z
Efficient and clean photoreduction of CO(2) to CO by enzyme-modified TiO(2) nanoparticles using visible light.
Thomas W. Woolerton (2010)
10.1021/jp002083b
Efficient Solar Water Splitting, Exemplified by RuO2-Catalyzed AlGaAs/Si Photoelectrolysis
Stuart Licht (2000)
10.1016/j.catcom.2007.01.006
Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide on NiO/InTaO4 under visible light irradiation
Pei-wen Pan (2007)
10.1021/ac50001a045
pH Measurement in Concentrated Alkaline Solutions
Stuart Licht (1985)
10.1039/c0cc01594f
High solubility pathway for the carbon dioxide free production of iron.
Stuart Licht (2010)
This paper is referenced by
10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2016.08.076
Molten carbonates for advanced and sustainable energy applications: Part II. Review of recent literature
Stefano Frangini (2016)
10.1039/C4GC01448K
STEP organic synthesis: an efficient solar, electrochemical process for the synthesis of benzoic acid
Yanji Zhu (2014)
10.1016/J.COELEC.2019.04.011
Advancements and potentials of molten salt CO2 capture and electrochemical transformation (MSCC-ET) process
Rui Jiang (2019)
10.1149/2.0181912jss
Controllable Preparation of Carbon Materials with Different Morphologies Assisted by Molten Salt Electrolysis
Hua-Jiang Luo (2019)
10.1016/J.APSUSC.2018.11.186
Sustainable thermionic emission in CO2, helium and argon surroundings
Gidon Ferdiman (2019)
10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2016.06.007
Thermodynamic assessment of CO2 to carbon nanofiber transformation for carbon sequestration in a combined cycle gas or a coal power plant
Jason S. Y. Lau (2016)
10.1002/cssc.201200305
STEP wastewater treatment: a solar thermal electrochemical process for pollutant oxidation.
Baohui Wang (2012)
10.3389/fenrg.2015.00043
Overview on CO2 Valorization: Challenge of Molten Carbonates
Déborah Chery (2015)
10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.04.022
Fast and efficient oxidation of formaldehyde in wastewater via the Solar Thermal Electrochemical Process tuned by thermo-electrochemistry
Dandan Yuan (2017)
10.1016/J.JECHEM.2018.06.012
Capture and electro-splitting of CO2 in molten salts
Wei Weng (2019)
10.1039/C3GC00018D
Critical STEP advances for sustainable iron production
Baochen Cui (2013)
10.1007/978-3-030-26810-7_2
Electrolytic Conversion of CO 2 to Carbon Nanostructures
Sabrina Arcaro (2019)
10.1039/c2cc31341c
STEP cement: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of CaO without CO2 emission.
Stuart Licht (2012)
10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2017.04.152
A comparative study of electrodes in the direct synthesis of CH4 from CO2 and H2O in molten salts
Deqiang Ji (2017)
10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2016.07.253
Solar STEP organic decomposition plus hydrogen: A novel approach to efficient degradation of organic pollutants exemplified by acrylonitrile
Dandan Yuan (2016)
10.1002/ADSU.201700047
Flue‐Gas‐Derived Sulfur‐Doped Carbon with Enhanced Capacitance
Zhigang Chen (2017)
10.1021/JP2078715
STEP Iron, a Chemistry of Iron Formation without CO2 Emission: Molten Carbonate Solubility and Electrochemistry of Iron Ore Impurities
Stuart Licht (2011)
10.1002/AENM.201401791
A One‐Pot Synthesis of Hydrogen and Carbon Fuels from Water and Carbon Dioxide
Fang-fang Li (2015)
10.1016/j.jechem.2019.11.006
The capacitive performances of carbon obtained from the electrolysis of CO2 in molten carbonates: effects of electrolysis voltage and temperature
Diyong Tang (2019)
10.1016/J.APSUSC.2018.10.055
MWCNTs produced by electrolysis of molten carbonate: Characteristics of the cathodic products grown on galvanized steel and nickel chrome electrodes
Sabrina Arcaro (2019)
10.1002/CHIN.201208227
Efficient Solar-Driven Synthesis, Carbon Capture, and Desalinization, STEP: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Fuels, Metals, Bleach
Stuart Licht (2012)
10.1039/c9ta07845b
Atomically dispersed metal dimer species with selective catalytic activity for nitrogen electrochemical reduction
Yao Li (2019)
10.1039/C3EE40453F
An analysis of the optimal band gaps of light absorbers in integrated tandem photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems
Shu Hu (2013)
10.1039/C3SC22296A
Electrochemical reactivities of pyridinium in solution: consequences for CO2 reduction mechanisms
John A Keith (2013)
10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110208
STEP polymer degradation: Solar thermo-coupled electrochemical depolymerization of plastics to generate useful fuel plus abundant hydrogen
Tingting Jiang (2020)
Efficient solar syntheses : A comprehensive approach to decreasing the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide
J. Lau (2014)
10.1016/J.ELECTACTA.2015.01.216
CO2 electrochemical reduction into CO or C in molten carbonates: a thermodynamic point of view
Déborah Chery (2015)
10.1039/C7QI00479F
A novel route to synthesize carbon spheres and carbon nanotubes from carbon dioxide in a molten carbonate electrolyzer
Zhida Li (2018)
10.1039/C3EE42654H
Molten air – a new, highest energy class of rechargeable batteries
Stuart Licht (2013)
10.1039/C5TA05127D
Capture and electrochemical conversion of CO2 to ultrathin graphite sheets in CaCl2-based melts
Liwen Hu (2015)
10.1021/cr5000865
High temperature electrolysis in alkaline cells, solid proton conducting cells, and solid oxide cells.
Sune Dalgaard Ebbesen (2014)
10.1149/1945-7111/ab7ce1
Input on the Measurement and Comprehension of CO2 Solubility in Molten Alkali Carbonates in View of Its Valorization
A. Meléndez-Ceballos (2020)
See more
Some data provided by SemanticScholar